Real Rape, Real Pain: Help for women sexually assaulted by male partners

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The rate of reporting, prosecuting and convicting for rape varies between jurisdictions. Internationally, the incidence of rapes recorded by the police during 2008 ranged, per 100,000 people, from 0.2 in Azerbaijan to 92.9 in Botswana with 6.3 in Lithuania as the median. [4] Worldwide, sexual violence, including rape, is primarily committed by males against females. [5] Rape by strangers is usually less common than rape by people the victim knows, and male-on-male and female-on-female prison rapes are common and may be the least reported forms of rape. [6] [7] [8] I thought the films were very powerful and were almost a fresh way of looking at some of the issues,’ he said. a b c Cybulska, Beata (2013). "Immediate medical care after sexual assault". Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 27 (1): 141–149. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.08.013. ISSN 1521-6934. PMID 23200638. [subscription required]

Neumann, S., Gang Rape: Examining Peer Support and Alcohol in Fraternities. Sex Crimes and Paraphilias a b Development of Global Prohibition Regimes: Pillage and Rape in War – Tuba Inal . Retrieved 2013-06-15.Yeater EA, O'Donohue W (November 1999). "Sexual assault prevention programs: current issues, future directions, and the potential efficacy of interventions with women". Clin Psychol Rev. 19 (7): 739–71. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.404.3130. doi: 10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00075-0. PMID 10520434. Sharma, Indira; Srivastava, Shruti; Bhatia, MS; Chaudhuri, Uday; Parial, Sonia; Sharma, Avdesh; Kataria, Dinesh; Bohra, Neena (2015). "Violence against women". Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 57 (6): S333–8. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.161500. ISSN 0019-5545. PMC 4539878. PMID 26330651. a b "HIV Clinical Resource: HIV Prophylaxis for Victims of Sexual Assault". Office of the Medical Director, New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute in Collaboration with Johns Hopkins University Division of Infectious Disease. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04 . Retrieved 2015-12-10. Joan Z. Spade; Catherine G. Valentine (10 December 2007). The kaleidoscope of gender: prisms, patterns, and possibilities. Pine Forge Press. ISBN 978-1-4129-5146-3 . Retrieved 1 October 2011. Zitelli, Basil (2012). Zitelli and Davis' atlas of pediatric physical diagnosis. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-323-07932-7.

Thornhill, Randy; Palmer, Craig T. (2000). A natural history of rape biological bases of sexual coercion. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 978-1-282-09687-5. a b Rosdahl, Caroline (2012). Textbook of basic nursing. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-60547-772-5. Gruber, Aya (December 2016). "Consent Confusion". Cardozo Law Review. 38 (2): 415–458. Archived from the original on March 21, 2017 . Retrieved March 20, 2017.a b Marcdante, Karen (2015). Nelson essentials of pediatrics. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4557-5980-4. [subscription required] Another large-scale study was conducted in Australia, with 850 rapes reported to the Victoria police between 2000 and 2003 (Heenan & Murray, 2006). Using both quantitative and qualitative methods, the researchers examined 812 cases and found 15.1% of complaints were withdrawn, 46.4% were marked "no further police action", and 2.1% of the total were "clearly" classified by police as false reports. In these cases, the alleged victim was either charged with filing a false police report, or threatened with charges, and the complaint subsequently withdrawn. [156] Abrahms D.; Viky G.; Masser B.; Gerd B. (2003). "Perceptions of stranger and acquaintance rape: The role of benevolent and hostile sexism in victim blame and rape proclivity". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 84 (1): 111–125. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.1.111. PMID 12518974. Freedman, Estelle B. (2013). Redefining rape: sexual violence in the era of suffrage and segregation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-6747-2484-6. Other studies have suggested that the rate of false allegations in the United States may be higher. A nine-year study by Eugene J. Kanin of Purdue University in a small metropolitan area in the Midwestern United States claimed that 41% of rape accusations were false. [161] However David Lisak, an associate professor of psychology and director of the Men's Sexual Trauma Research Project at the University of Massachusetts Boston states that "Kanin's 1994 article on false allegations is a provocative opinion piece, but it is not a scientific study of the issue of false reporting of rape". He further states that Kanin's study has a significantly poor systematic methodology and had no independent definition of a false report. Instead, Kanin classified reports that the police department classified as false also as false. [162] The criterion for falsehood was simply a denial of a polygraph test of the accuser. [161] A 1998 report by the National Institute of Justice found that DNA evidence excluded the primary suspect in 26% of rape cases and concluded that this "strongly suggests that postarrest and postconviction DNA exonerations are tied to some strong, underlying systemic problems that generate erroneous accusations and convictions". [163] However, this study also noted that analyzed samples involved a specific subset of rape cases (e.g. those where "there is no consent defense").

Another effect of rape and sexual assault is the stress created in those who study rape or counsel the survivors. This is called vicarious traumatization. [80] Physical Transitions in women's roles in society were also shifting, causing alarm and blame towards rape victims. Because women were becoming more involved in the public (i.e. searching for jobs rather than being a housewife), some people claimed that these women were "loose" and looking for trouble. Giving up the gender roles of mother and wife was seen as defiant against traditional values while immersing themselves within society created the excuse that women would "not [be] entitled to protection under the traditional guidelines for male-female relationships". [183] Schulhofer, Stephen J. (2017). "Reforming the Law of Rape". Minnesota Journal of Law & Inequality. 35: 335.a b c McLean, IA (February 2013). "The male victim of sexual assault". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 27 (1): 39–46. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.08.006. PMID 22951768. From the classical antiquity of Greece and Rome into the Colonial period, rape along with arson, treason and murder was a capital offense. "Those committing rape were subject to a wide range of capital punishments that were seemingly brutal, frequently bloody, and at times spectacular." In the 12th century, kinsmen of the victim were given the option of executing the punishment themselves. "In England in the early fourteenth century, a victim of rape might be expected to gouge out the eyes and/or sever the offender's testicles herself." [173] Despite the harshness of these laws, actual punishments were usually far less severe: in late Medieval Europe, cases concerning rapes of marriageable women, wives, widows, or members of the lower class were rarely brought forward, and usually ended with only a small monetary fine or a marriage between the victim and the rapist. [174]