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At the youngest ages, until about age 65 years, in both men and women, there were no differences in TUG performance for those with NCD or arthritis compared to those without these diseases ( Table 2, Figure 1). After age 65 years, however, those without these diseases performed significantly better than those with these diseases (p<0.05) in both men and women. For all three groups, TUG performance score increased with age, especially after the age of 65 years. However, the onset of this increase in TUG performance score occurred at a later age among men without arthritis or NCDs compared to those with such diseases ( Figure 1). This study is, to the authors’ knowledge, among the largest of its kind in which the TUG testing procedure is consistent with the original protocol of Podsiadlo and Richardson which represents the most widely used version of the TUG, 54 and used in recent large-scale population-based studies. 36 , 37 The large number of participants in this study is a strength as it enables us to establish reference values for subgroups of the general population by age and sex as well as by the presence of arthritis or NCD. Another strength of this study is that the TUG testing was performed by trained health professionals. In addition, an administration manual was provided to help ensure test standardization. Furthermore, all tests were performed at the same location, increasing the validity of the reference values. This is important, as TUG scores across different studies can be difficult to compare due to procedural differences. Some researchers 55 , 56 have raised concerns about the comparability of TUG scores if the testing procedure was not performed in the same manner, which might make the pooling of data difficult. Increasing age is associated with a decline in physical performance. 2 , 5 Our results show poorer TUG performance with increased age and are consistent with previous population-based studies. 35–38 In this context, it is important to highlight the prominent increase in TUG score after the age of 65. The present study demonstrated a significant trend toward age-related functional decline. Between the ages 70 and 75 years, women had poorer TUG performance than men at the same ages. This underscores the importance of regular physical activity interventions that may improve, or at least delay the loss of, physical function and mobility among older adults. 44 , 45
Our staff is trained to give assistance to customers, including guiding visually-impaired customers by the arm and assisting wheelchair users by pushing the chair if needed. In the video above, Audrey Ricahardson and Louise McGregor demonstrate the timed up and go test, which helps to assess whether a person is at an increased risk of falls.This difference may be explained by country-specific differences, such as socioeconomic status. 46 Research has shown that socioeconomic status is associated with later-life physical performance. 47–49 In contrast with Malaysia, Norway is characterized by a high level of welfare, as it has one of the highest levels of income per capita in the world, and 34% of the population have tertiary education (ie a university or college). 50 TUG performance has further been studied in various populations with different pathological conditions, such as osteoarthritis 19 and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). 20–22 Osteoarthritis is associated with low physical performance 23 and is considered a significant contributor to global disability and disability-adjusted life years. 24 For patients undergoing total joint replacement due to late-stage hip or knee osteoarthritis, a high TUG score may predict delayed postoperative functional recovery for total hip 25 and knee replacement. 26 The four main types of NCDs are cancer, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease. NCDs are associated with poorer performance on physical outcome measures. 27–30 These four main types are the world’s leading cause of disabilities, 31 contributing to a significant economic burden. 32 The app can be used to request assistance for future journeys across the whole National Rail network.
On the DLR and trams, most stops and stations are unstaffed, although you can find a member of staff on the train or tram. Staff are available at Victoria Coach station, IFS Cloud Cable Car terminals and on piers and boats. The dairy-free version is in between the standard and no added sugar option but unlike those flavours, it is both dairy and gluten-free.
Owing in part to its ease of use, association with fall risk and sensitivity, the TUG test is recommended by the Updated American Geriatrics Society/British Geriatrics Society Clinical Practice Guideline for Prevention of Falls in Older Persons. 33 For the assessment of physical function in people with hip or knee arthritis, the TUG test is one of the five performance-based outcome measures recommended by the Osteoarthritis Research Society International. 34
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