How the World Works

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Tool Module: Chomsky's Universal Grammar". The Brain From Top To Bottom. McGill University. Archived from the original on September 10, 2017 . Retrieved December 24, 2015. Chomsky, Noam. "The 'Chomskyan Era' (excerpted from The Architecture of Language)". Chomsky.info. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015 . Retrieved January 3, 2017. McNeill, David (February 22, 2014). "Noam Chomsky: Truth to power". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on November 24, 2021 . Retrieved June 12, 2018. This list is steering more on politics and world affairs, but in his core, Noam Chomsky is an expert linguist. Language and Mind is perhaps one of his few works that is designed for the general mind. Not to mention that its first 6 chapters have been a groundbreaking contribution to the linguistic theory. Chomsky highlights that, since the 1970s, the U.S. has become increasingly economically unequal as a result of the repeal of various financial regulations and the unilateral rescinding of the Bretton Woods financial control agreement by the U.S. [201] He characterizes the U.S. as a de facto one-party state, viewing both the Republican Party and Democratic Party as manifestations of a single "Business Party" controlled by corporate and financial interests. [202] Chomsky has said that he considers Franklin D. Roosevelt the best U.S. president. [26] Chomsky highlights that, within Western capitalist liberal democracies, at least 80% of the population has no control over economic decisions, which are instead in the hands of a management class and ultimately controlled by a small, wealthy elite. [203]

Chomsky had long publicly criticized Nazism, and totalitarianism more generally, but his commitment to freedom of speech led him to defend the right of French historian Robert Faurisson to advocate a position widely characterized as Holocaust denial. Without Chomsky's knowledge, his plea for Faurisson's freedom of speech was published as the preface to the latter's 1980 book Mémoire en défense contre ceux qui m'accusent de falsifier l'histoire. [112] Chomsky was widely condemned for defending Faurisson, [113] and France's mainstream press accused Chomsky of being a Holocaust denier himself, refusing to publish his rebuttals to their accusations. [114] Critiquing Chomsky's position, sociologist Werner Cohn later published an analysis of the affair titled Partners in Hate: Noam Chomsky and the Holocaust Deniers. [115] The Faurisson affair had a lasting, damaging effect on Chomsky's career, [116] especially in France. [117] Critique of propaganda and international affairs External videos Chomsky is among the most cited authors living or dead. [h] He was cited within the Arts and Humanities Citation Index more often than any other living scholar from 1980 to 1992. [285] Chomsky was also extensively cited in the Social Sciences Citation Index and Science Citation Index during the same period. The librarian who conducted the research said that the statistics show that "he is very widely read across disciplines and that his work is used by researchers across disciplines ... it seems that you can't write a paper without citing Noam Chomsky." [264] As a result of his influence, there are dueling camps of Chomskyan and non-Chomskyan linguistics. Their disputes are often acrimonious. [286] Additionally, according to journalist Maya Jaggi, Chomsky is among the most quoted sources in the humanities, ranking alongside Marx, Shakespeare and the Bible. [260] In politics Chomsky's far-reaching criticisms of U.S. foreign policy and the legitimacy of U.S. power have raised controversy. A document obtained pursuant to a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request from the U.S. government revealed that the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) monitored his activities and for years denied doing so. The CIA also destroyed its files on Chomsky at some point, possibly in violation of federal law. [296] He has often received undercover police protection at MIT and when speaking on the Middle East but has refused uniformed police protection. [297] German news magazine Der Spiegel described Chomsky as "the Ayatollah of anti-American hatred", [136] while American conservative commentator David Horowitz called him "the most devious, the most dishonest and... the most treacherous intellect in America", whose work is infused with "anti-American dementia" and evidences his "pathological hatred of his own country". [298] Writing in Commentary magazine, the journalist Jonathan Kay described Chomsky as "a hard-boiled anti-American monomaniac who simply refuses to believe anything that any American leader says". [299]Cipriani, Enrico (2016). "Some reflections on Chomsky's notion of reference". Linguistics Beyond and within. 2: 44–60. doi: 10.31743/lingbaw.5637.

From 1951 to 1955 Chomsky was a member of the Society of Fellows at Harvard University, where he undertook research on what became his doctoral dissertation. [44] Having been encouraged by Goodman to apply, [45] Chomsky was attracted to Harvard in part because the philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine was based there. Both Quine and a visiting philosopher, J. L. Austin of the University of Oxford, strongly influenced Chomsky. [46] In 1952, Chomsky published his first academic article in The Journal of Symbolic Logic. [45] Highly critical of the established behaviorist currents in linguistics, in 1954, he presented his ideas at lectures at the University of Chicago and Yale University. [47] He had not been registered as a student at Pennsylvania for four years, but in 1955 he submitted a thesis setting out his ideas on transformational grammar; he was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree for it, and it was privately distributed among specialists on microfilm before being published in 1975 as part of The Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory. [48] Harvard professor George Armitage Miller was impressed by Chomsky's thesis and collaborated with him on several technical papers in mathematical linguistics. [49] Chomsky's doctorate exempted him from compulsory military service, which was otherwise due to begin in 1955. [50] Chomsky". inventio-musikverlag.de. Archived from the original on August 5, 2016 . Retrieved May 11, 2016. While calling the Russian invasion of Ukraine a "war crime" similar to the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, [193] Chomsky has nevertheless argued that Russia was conducting the war less brutally than the U.S. did the Iraq war. [194] He considered support for Ukraine's self-defense legitimate, but also argued that the U.S. rejection of a compromise and negotiated settlement with Russia was an obstacle to the only likely way of achieving peace, might have contributed to the war breaking out in the first place, and meant sacrificing Ukraine's own well-being and survival for the sake of using it as a weapon against Russia. [193] Capitalism and socialism Russ, Valerie (July 12, 2021). "Dr. David Chomsky, a cardiologist who made house calls, dies at 86". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021 . Retrieved September 10, 2021. Knight 2016, p.2: "In 1992, the Arts and Humanities Citation Index ranked him as the most cited person alive (the Index's top ten being Marx, Lenin, Shakespeare, Aristotle, the Bible, Plato, Freud, Chomsky, Hegel and Cicero)."Hornstein, Norbert (2003). "Minimalist Program". International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513977-8. Archived from the original on April 28, 2021 . Retrieved August 24, 2019. Flint, Anthony (November 19, 1995). "Divided Legacy". The Boston Globe. p.25. ISSN 0743-1791. ProQuest 290754647. An outspoken opponent of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, which he saw as an act of American imperialism, in 1967 Chomsky rose to national attention for his anti-war essay " The Responsibility of Intellectuals". Becoming associated with the New Left, he was arrested multiple times for his activism and placed on President Richard Nixon's list of political opponents. While expanding his work in linguistics over subsequent decades, he also became involved in the linguistics wars. In collaboration with Edward S. Herman, Chomsky later articulated the propaganda model of media criticism in Manufacturing Consent, and worked to expose the Indonesian occupation of East Timor. His defense of unconditional freedom of speech, including that of Holocaust denial, generated significant controversy in the Faurisson affair of the 1980s. Chomsky's commentary on the Cambodian genocide also generated controversy. Since retiring from active teaching at MIT, he has continued his vocal political activism, including opposing the 2003 invasion of Iraq and supporting the Occupy movement. Chomsky began teaching at the University of Arizona in 2017. Chomsky supported the 2011 Occupy movement, speaking at encampments and publishing on the movement, which he called a reaction to a 30-year class war. [139] The 2015 documentary Requiem for the American Dream summarizes his views on capitalism and economic inequality through a "75-minute teach-in". [140]

Chomsky, Noam (1996). Class Warfare: Interviews with David Barsamian. Pluto Press. pp.135–136. ISBN 978-074531137-1. It’s worth noting, however, that this is probably Chomsky’s densest work. And for the casual reader, Deterring Democracy might prove too much. Press release: Séan MacBride Peace Prize 2017" (PDF). Berlin: International Peace Bureau. September 6, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 25, 2021 . Retrieved December 9, 2017. Tanenhaus 2016: "At 87, Noam Chomsky, the founder of modern linguistics, remains a vital presence in American intellectual life."Lott, Jeremy (April 1, 2006). "I'm OK—You're a Hypocrite". Reason.com. Archived from the original on April 5, 2023 . Retrieved May 13, 2023. The second major area to which Chomsky has contributed—and surely the best known in terms of the number of people in his audience and the ease of understanding what he writes and says—is his work on sociopolitical analysis; political, social, and economic history; and critical assessment of current political circumstance. In Chomsky's view, although those in power might—and do—try to obscure their intentions and to defend their actions in ways that make them acceptable to citizens, it is easy for anyone who is willing to be critical and consider the facts to discern what they are up to.

Harwood, Lori (November 21, 2016). "Noam Chomsky to Teach Politics Course In Spring". UA News. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020 . Retrieved February 4, 2017. How The World Works is a brilliant read on geopolitics. It’s unapologetic, direct, and eye-opening. This is actually a collection of 4 abridged books written by Chomsky; Secrets, Lies and Democracy; The Common Good; What Uncle Sam Really Wants, and The Prosperous Few and the Restless Many – delivered in big sets of interviews. Babe 2015, p.xvii: "[Chomsky] was the most cited living scholar between 1980 and 1992 (according to the Arts and Humanities Citation Index)." Markie, Peter (2017). "Rationalism vs. Empiricism". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. ISSN 1095-5054 . Retrieved October 11, 2023. Aeschimann, Eric (May 31, 2010). "Chomsky s'est exposé, il est donc une cible désignée". Libération (in French). Archived from the original on September 26, 2012 . Retrieved June 8, 2010. Chomsky a été violemment blessé du fait qu'une partie des intellectuels français aient pu le croire en accord avec Faurisson, en contradiction avec tous ses engagements et toute sa vie.Israel: Chomsky ban 'big mistake' ". Al Jazeera. May 20, 2010. Archived from the original on October 14, 2019 . Retrieved May 4, 2016. In his youth, Chomsky developed a dislike of capitalism and the pursuit of material wealth. [195] At the same time, he developed a disdain for authoritarian socialism, as represented by the Marxist–Leninist policies of the Soviet Union. [196] Rather than accepting the common view among U.S. economists that a spectrum exists between total state ownership of the economy and total private ownership, he instead suggests that a spectrum should be understood between total democratic control of the economy and total autocratic control (whether state or private). [197] He argues that Western capitalist countries are not really democratic, [198] because, in his view, a truly democratic society is one in which all persons have a say in public economic policy. [199] He has stated his opposition to ruling elites, among them institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and GATT (precursor to the WTO). [200]