EVO-STIK Plumber's Mait, Non-Setting Putty for Sanitary Joints, Waterproof, 750g

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Using this standard means emergency services can reduce the time it takes to respond to an incident, because they can keep each other informed of each other’s emergencies.

Riegert, P., Wanner, V. & Bahram, S. Genomics, isoforms, expression, and phylogeny of the MHC class I-related MR1 gene. J. Immunol. 161, 4066–4077 (1998). Tastan, C. et al. Tuning of human MAIT cell activation by commensal bacteria species and MR1-dependent T-cell presentation. Mucosal Immunol. 11, 1591–1605 (2018). Leeansyah, E. et al. Activation, exhaustion, and persistent decline of the antimicrobial MR1-restricted MAIT-cell population in chronic HIV-1 infection. Blood 121, 1124–1135 (2013).Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies to nuclear antigens. Blood MAIT cell frequency and absolute number are significantly lower in SLE patients than in healthy controls (HCs) ( 44). Absolute MAIT cell numbers are correlated with age, lymphocyte count, and SLE disease activity index, indicating that MAIT cell levels may reflect disease activity in SLE. The percentage of IFN-γ + MAIT cells is lower in SLE patients than in HCs, and IL-17 + or IL-4 + MAIT cell levels are similar between SLE patients and HCs ( 44). IFN-γ production by MAIT cells has been found to be mainly regulated by the nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT1) transcription factor, which is intrinsically defective in SLE patients. Moreover, MAIT cell frequency is significantly correlated with NKT cell frequency in SLE patients. In particular, α-GalCer–stimulated NKT cells show poor activation of MAIT cells in SLE patients in vitro, suggesting that NKT cell dysfunction influences MAIT cell dysfunction ( 44). Another study has found that the reduced frequency of MAIT cells in peripheral blood is due to increased cell death, and the expression of activation marker CD69 is correlated with disease activity ( 45). In addition, monocytes from patients with SLE have an increased capacity to present MR1 antigens and activate MAIT cells. But the antigens that activate MAIT cells in SLE patients remain to be identified. Cytokine analysis has revealed that the plasma levels of IL-6, IL-18 and IFN-α positively correlate with the activated state of MAIT cells in SLE and that MAIT cells are activated by cytokines, including IL-18 and IFN-α, in the absence of exogenous antigens. In the kidneys of SLE patients with class III and IV lupus nephritis, MAIT cells constitute a large proportion of CD3 + cells ( 46). In FcγRIIb -/- Yaa mice, an animal model of SLE, more MAIT cells are activated in the kidneys than in the spleen, and the proportions of IL-17- or IFN-γ-expressing MAIT cells are higher in the kidneys than in the spleen. Furthermore, in MR1 -/- lupus mice, MAIT cell deficiency results in reduced disease severity, as evidenced by decreased autoantibody production and lower glomerulonephritis scores, and these effects are accompanied by reduced germinal center responses as well as reduced T cell and innate T cell responses ( 46). Researchers have also demonstrated that MAIT cells contribute to autoantibody production by B cells in vitro dependent on the CD40L-CD40 and TCR pathways ( 46). Rheumatoid Arthritis Maekawa, T. et al. Low mucosal-associated invariant T-cell number in peripheral blood of patients with immune thrombocytopenia and their response to prednisolone. PLoS One 13, e0207149 (2018).

Meermeier, E. W. et al. Human TRAV1-2-negative MR1-restricted T cells detect S. pyogenes and alternatives to MAIT riboflavin-based antigens. Nat. Commun. 7, 12506 (2016). Kjer-Nielsen, L. et al. MR1 presents microbial vitamin B metabolites to MAIT cells. Nature 491, 717–723 (2012). Ref. 14 was the first demonstration that derivatives of vitamin B2 and vitamin B9 bind to MR1 and that vitamin B2 derivatives are agonists for MAIT cells. Jesteadt, E. et al. Interleukin-18 is critical for mucosa-associated invariant T cell γ interferon responses to Francisella species in vitro but not in vivo. Infect. Immun. 86, e00117–18 (2018). Seshadri, C. et al. A polymorphism in human MR1 is associated with mRNA expression and susceptibility to tuberculosis. Genes Immun. 18, 8–14 (2017). Serriari, N. E. et al. Innate mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are activated in inflammatory bowel diseases. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 176, 266–274 (2014).

Sobkowiak, M. J. et al. Tissue-resident MAIT cell populations in human oral mucosa exhibit an activated profile and produce IL-17. Eur. J. Immunol. 49, 133–143 (2019). Sakala, I. G. et al. Functional heterogeneity and antimycobacterial effects of mouse mucosal-associated invariant T cells specific for riboflavin metabolites. J. Immunol. 195, 587–601 (2015).