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In practice, there was a wide number of variations to this common design. [24] A castle could have more than one bailey: at Warkworth Castle an inner and an outer bailey was constructed, or alternatively, several baileys could flank the motte, as at Windsor Castle. [25] Some baileys had two mottes, such as those at Lincoln. [25] Some mottes could be square instead of round, such as at Cabal Tump (Herefordshire). [25] [26] Instead of single ditches, occasionally double-ditch defences were built, as seen at Berkhamsted. [25] Local geography and the intent of the builder produced many unique designs. [27] Construction and maintenance [ edit ] Building the motte of Hastings Castle in East Sussex, from the Bayeux Tapestry Van Houts, Elisabeth M. C. (2000) The Normans in Europe. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-4751-0.

A child's imagination is boundless, and, given the right toys, kids can dream up all sorts of things. Motte" redirects here. For other uses, see Motte (disambiguation). For the fallacy, see Motte-and-bailey fallacy. A reconstruction of the English city of York in the 15th century, showing the motte-and-bailey fortifications of Old Baile (left foreground) and York Castle topped by Clifford's Tower (centre right) Héricher, Anne-Marie Flambard. (2002) "Fortifications de terre et résidences en Normandie," in Château Gaillard: études de castellologie médiévale. XX pp. 87–100. (in French)Kidadl cannot accept liability for the execution of these ideas, and parental supervision is advised at all times, as safety is paramount. Anyone using the information provided by Kidadl does so at their own risk and we can not accept liability if things go wrong. Sponsorship & Advertising Policy

Butler, Lawrence. (1997) Clifford's Tower and the Castles of York. London: English Heritage. ISBN 1-85074-673-7. In England, William invaded from Normandy in 1066, resulting in three phases of castle building in England, around 80% of which were in the motte-and-bailey pattern. [62] The first of these was the establishment by the new king of royal castles in key strategic locations, including many towns. [63] These urban castles could make use of the existing town's walls and fortification, but typically required the demolition of local houses to make space for them. [64] This could cause extensive damage: records suggest that in Lincoln 166 houses were destroyed in the construction of Lincoln Castle, and that 113 were destroyed for the castle in Norwich and 27 for the castle in Cambridge. [65] The second and third waves of castle building in the late-11th century were led by the major magnates and then the more junior knights on their new estates. [66] Some regional patterns in castle building can be seen – relatively few castles were built in East Anglia compared to the west of England or the Marches, for example; this was probably due to the relatively settled and prosperous nature of the east of England and reflected a shortage of unfree labour for constructing mottes. [67] In Wales, the first wave of the Norman castles was again predominantly made of wood in a mixture of motte-and-bailey and ringwork designs. [68] The Norman invaders spread up the valleys, using this form of castle to occupy their new territories. [69] After the Norman conquest of England and Wales, the building of motte-and-bailey castles in Normandy accelerated as well, resulting in a broad swath of these castles across the Norman territories, around 741 motte-and-bailey castles in England and Wales alone. [70] Further expansion, 12th and 13th centuries [ edit ] A vliedburg motte in the Netherlands One factor was the introduction of stone into castle buildings. The earliest stone castles had emerged in the 10th century, with stone keeps being built on mottes along the Catalonia frontier and several, including Château de Langeais, in Angers. [100] Although wood was a more powerful defensive material than was once thought, stone became increasingly popular for military and symbolic reasons. [101] Some existing motte-and-bailey castles were converted to stone, with the keep and the gatehouse usually the first parts to be upgraded. [102] Shell keeps were built on many mottes, circular stone shells running around the top of the motte, sometimes protected by a further chemise, or low protective wall, around the base. By the 14th century, a number of motte and bailey castles had been converted into powerful stone fortresses. [103] A reconstruction of England's Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight as it was in the 14th century, showing the keep built atop the motte (top left), and the walled-in bailey below Architecture [ edit ] Structures [ edit ] Plan of Topcliffe Castle in North Yorkshire, an archetypal motte-and-bailey design Castle Pulverbatch in Shropshire in England was built in the 11th or 12th century and abandoned by 1202. This Digital elevation model shows the motte just left of centre, with the bailey to the right (north-east) of it. [2]

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The type of soil would make a difference to the design of the motte, as clay soils could support a steeper motte, whilst sandier soils meant that a motte would need a more gentle incline. [16] Where available, layers of different sorts of earth, such as clay, gravel and chalk, would be used alternatively to build in strength to the design. [35] Layers of turf could also be added to stabilise the motte as it was built up, or a core of stones placed as the heart of the structure to provide strength. [36] Similar issues applied to the defensive ditches, where designers found that the wider the ditch was dug, the deeper and steeper the sides of the scarp could be, making it more defensive. [16] Although militarily a motte was, as Norman Pounds describes it, "almost indestructible", they required frequent maintenance. [37] Soil wash was a problem, particularly with steeper mounds, and mottes could be clad with wood or stone slabs to protect them. [21] Over time, some mottes suffered from subsidence or damage from flooding, requiring repairs and stabilisation work. [38] Châtelain, André. (1983) Châteaux Forts et Féodalité en Ile de France, du XIème au XIIIème siècle. Nonette: Créer. ISBN 978-2-902894-16-1. (in French) Bonus storybook folds out with extra graphics for extended play; place within castle walls to transform rooms or outside as a standalone piece