Joined in 2023 
82 
63 About this deal
Antisemitism did not spare the military, which practised hidden discrimination with the "cote d'amour" (a subjective assessment of personal acceptability) system of irrational grading, encountered by Dreyfus in his application to the Bourges School. [15] However, while prejudices of this nature undoubtedly existed within the confines of the General Staff, the French Army as a whole was relatively open to individual talent. At the time of the Dreyfus affair there were an estimated 300 Jewish officers in the army (about 3 per cent of the total), of whom ten were generals. [16] Endovascular therapy (EVT) has become a standard care for patients with large vessel occlusive stroke within 6 hours. 1 Subsequently, the DEFUSE 3 2 and DAWN 3 trials have revealed that patients who had an acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) beyond 6 hours due to large vessel occlusion (LVO) can benefit from EVT by using strict imaging selection criteria. American Heart and Stroke Association 2018 guidelines 4 suggested that the two trial-defined eligibility criteria should be applied for EVT selection in the extended time window. The clinical mismatch (DAWN trial) and the core mismatch (DEFUSE 3 trial) selection criteria are both based on advanced imaging with CT perfusion (CTP). However, CTP is not available in many stroke centres, and the rigorous selection criteria are more likely to exclude patients who may benefit from EVT beyond 6 hours after stroke. 5 6 Moreover, patients with LVO in the extended time window can potentially benefit from EVT selected by simpler imaging triage. 7–11 Six studies looking at time points greater than 3-4 hours showed either no difference (IST-3, DIAS-2) or harm when lytics were administered (ATLANTIS-A and B, ASK, MAST-EU and MAST-I) leaving the future of late stroke care bleak The Dreyfus affair also marked a turning point in the lives of many Jews from Western and Central Europe, as the pogroms of 1881–1882 had done for the Jews of Eastern Europe, as many Jews had believed that they were Frenchmen first. Yet Jews, despite the state-sanctioned efforts of the emancipation movement, were never truly accepted into society and were often deemed aliens and outsiders, [245] even when they showed extreme devotion by fighting courageously in the wars of their respective countries. [18] 21st century aftermath [ edit ] Expanding on a 2008 article they published in la Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, in 2012 the historians Pierre Gervais, Pauline Peretz and Pierre Stutin published Le dossier secret de l'affaire Dreyfus ( The Secret Record of the Dreyfus Affair). Their research enabled the original contents of the secret file to be established. Their thesis was that historians had neglected the correspondence of Schwartzkoppen and Panizzardi, and that homosexuality played a central role in the slandering of Dreyfus. [12] [13] [ clarification needed]
Funding: The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.The letters, real and fake, provided a convenient excuse for placing the entire Dreyfus dossier under seal, given that exposure of the liaison would have 'dishonoured' Germany and Italy's military and compromised diplomatic relations. As homosexuality was, like Judaism, then often perceived as a sign of national degeneration, recent historians have suggested that combining them to inflate the scandal may have shaped the prosecution strategy. [12] [13] Four additional recent trials (EXTEND1A, ESCAPE, SWIFT-PRIME and REVASCAT) showed similar efficacy when ET was used between 4.5 and 12 hours • All of these trials enrolled only large proximal vessel occlusions and only one trial (EXTEND1A) used CT perfusion imaging If an effect is seen at a pre-specified interim analysis, then future patients may be selected from that subgroup without succumbing to bias
All the official records are readily available including reports of all public hearings of the many trials in the affair. In addition, a large number of records are easily accessible in the French National Archives and in the Military Archives at the fort of Vincennes. The contemporary literature of the case was published between 1894 and 1906. It began with the pamphlet of Bernard Lazare, the first intellectual Dreyfusard. The Dreyfus affair occurred in the context of German annexation of Alsace and Moselle, an event that fed the most extreme nationalism. The traumatic defeat of France in 1870 seemed far away, but a vengeful spirit remained. Many participants in the Dreyfus affair were Alsatian. [Note 1] Alphonse Bertillon, an eccentric criminologist who was not an expert in handwriting, was presented as a scholar of the first importance. He advanced the theory of "autoforgery" during the trial and accused Dreyfus of imitating his own handwriting, explaining the differences in writing by using extracts of writing from his brother Matthieu and his wife Lucie. This theory, although later regarded as bizarre and astonishing, seems to have had some effect on the judges. [76] In addition, Major Hubert-Joseph Henry made a theatrical statement in open court. [Note 13] [77] He argued that leaks betraying the General Staff had been suspected to exist since February 1894 and that "a respectable person" accused Captain Dreyfus. He swore on oath that the traitor was Dreyfus, pointing to the crucifix hanging on the wall of the court. [78] Dreyfus was apoplectic with rage and demanded to be confronted with his anonymous accuser, which was rejected by the General Staff. The incident had an undeniable effect on the court, which was composed of seven officers who were both judges and jury. However, the outcome of the trial remained uncertain. The conviction of the judges had been shaken by the firm and logical answers of the accused. [79] The judges took leave to deliberate, but the General Staff still had a card in hand to tip the balance decisively against Dreyfus.
diffuse
In addition, the Dreyfus affair provided the basis for many novels. The last work of Émile Zola (1902), Truth, transposes the Dreyfus affair to the world of education. Anatole France published The Island of Penguins (1907), which recounts the Affair in Book VI: "The Case of 80,000 bundles of hay". [254] Marcel Proust devoted significant passages of his second, third and fourth volumes of In Search of Lost Time to Parisian society's reaction to the Dreyfus affair. Other authors have also contributed, such as Roger Martin du Gard, Maurice Barrès, and Robert Harris. On 15 January 1898, Le Temps published a petition calling for a retrial. [141] It included the names of Émile Zola, Anatole France, director of the Pasteur Institute Émile Duclaux, Daniel Halévy, Fernand Gregh, Félix Fénéon, Marcel Proust, Lucien Herr, Charles Andler, Victor Bérard, François Simiand, Georges Sorel, the painter Claude Monet, the writer Jules Renard, the sociologist Émile Durkheim, and the historian Gabriel Monod.
Antisemitic disturbances and riots broke out in 1898 in cities across Metropolitan France, mostly in January and February. Antisemitic riots predated the Dreyfus Affair, and were almost a tradition in the East, which "the Alsatian people observed upon the outbreak of any revolution in France". [155] But the 1898 disturbances were much more widespread. JB:The prism of social media distorts power. Tiny minorities have found a voice when before perhaps they were so fringe as to be irrelevant. Is that a good or a bad thing? Other related events [ edit ] Commission of sculpture [ edit ] The statue of Captain Dreyfus in the courtyard of the Hôtel de Saint-Aignan, home of the Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme further reading] Blogging stroke: Author Interview: Dr. Greg Albers, on DEFUSE 3 and its Implications for Systems of Stroke Care in the U.S. The arms race created an acute atmosphere of intrigue from 1890 in French counter-espionage. One of the missions of the section was to spy on the German Embassy at Rue de Lille in Paris to thwart any attempt by the French to transmit important information to the Germans. This was especially critical since several cases of espionage had already been featured in the headlines of newspapers, which were fond of sensationalism. In 1890, the archivist Boutonnet was convicted for selling plans of shells that used melinite. [8]Dreyfus died on 12 July 1935 at the age of seventy-five. His funeral cortège passed through ranks assembled for Bastille Day celebrations at the Place de la Concorde and he was buried in Montparnasse Cemetery. Colonel Picquart was also officially rehabilitated and reintegrated into the army with the rank of Brigadier general. Picquart was Minister of War from 1906 to 1909 in the first Clemenceau government; he died in January 1914 in a horse riding accident. [226] Consequences of the Dreyfus affair [ edit ] JB:I see that you are a dog lover. Are your walks out in the countryside or are you a townie at heart? The period of the occupation throws a veil over the case. The liberation and the revelation of the Holocaust brought a deep reflection on all of the Dreyfus affair. Jacques Kayser (1946) then Maurice Paléologue (1955) and Henri Giscard d'Estaing (1960) revived the case without great revelations, a process generally considered insufficient historically. [ by whom?] First brochure of A Miscarriage of Justice, Bernard Lazare published in 1896 in Brussels The current DEFUSE 3 trial examines the window between 6 and 16 hours using CT perfusion to select candidates which may select the sub population likely to gain the most The German military attaché in Paris in 1894 was Count Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen, who developed a policy of infiltration that appears to have been effective. In the 1880s Schwartzkoppen had begun an affair with an Italian military attaché, Lieutenant Colonel Count Alessandro Panizzardi. [9] While neither had anything to do with Dreyfus, their intimate and erotic correspondence (e.g. "Don't exhaust yourself with too much buggery."), [10] which was obtained by the authorities, lent an air of truth to other documents that were forged by prosecutors to lend retroactive credibility to Dreyfus's conviction as a spy. Some of these forgeries referred to the real affair between the two officers; in one, Alessandro supposedly informed his lover that if "Dreyfus is brought in for questioning", they must both claim that they "never had any dealings with that Jew.... Clearly, no one can ever know what happened with him." [11]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sourcesin this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( March 2019) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Unclear what proportion of patients arriving at the stroke centres were actually eligible for enrollment or screened to enter the trial The other result was an intellectual mutation of socialism. Jaurès was a late Dreyfusard (January 1898) and was persuaded by revolutionary socialists. [234] His commitment became unwavering alongside Georges Clemenceau and from 1899 under the influence of Lucien Herr. The year 1902 saw the birth of two parties: the French Socialist Party, which brought together jaurésiens; and the Socialist Party of France under the influence of Guesde and Vaillant. Both parties merged in 1905 as the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO).As a reserve officer, Dreyfus participated in the First World War of 1914–1918, serving as head of the artillery depot at a fortified camp near Paris and commander of a supply column. In 1917 he saw frontline service at the Chemin des Dames and Verdun. Apart from Major Du Paty de Clam, Dreyfus was the only officer directly involved in the Affair to serve in the war. [224] Having been named as a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour at the time of his reinstatement in 1906, Dreyfus was promoted to the rank of officer of the Legion of Honour in 1919. His son, Pierre Dreyfus, also served in World War I as an artillery officer and was awarded the Croix de Guerre. Alfred Dreyfus's two nephews also fought as artillery officers in the French Army and both were killed. The same artillery piece (the Obusier de 120 mm C modèle 1890), the secrets of which Dreyfus was accused of revealing to the Germans, was among those used in blunting the early German offensives. He ended his military career as a colonel. [225] On 12 July 2006, President Jacques Chirac held an official state ceremony marking the centenary of Dreyfus's official rehabilitation. This was held in the presence of the living descendants of both Émile Zola and Alfred Dreyfus. The event took place in the same cobblestone courtyard of Paris's École Militaire where Capitaine Dreyfus had been officially stripped of his officer's rank. Chirac stated that "the combat against the dark forces of intolerance and hate is never definitively won", and called Dreyfus "an exemplary officer" and a "patriot who passionately loved France". The French National Assembly also held a memorial ceremony of the centennial marking the end of the affair. This was held in remembrance of the 1906 laws that had reintegrated and promoted both Dreyfus and Picquart at the end of the Dreyfus affair. The adaptive design assumptions were based on preliminary observation and may not adequately reflect real world patients. However, it should be noted that the study never crossed the interim analysis threshold and adaptive design was never employed in reference to the trial as a whole On 3 June 1899, the joint chambers of the Supreme Court overturned the judgment of 1894 in a formal hearing. [193] The case was referred to the Military Court of Rennes. By that judgment, the Supreme Court imposed itself as an absolute authority capable of standing up to military and political power. [194] For many Dreyfusards, this ruling was the prelude to the acquittal of the captain; they forgot to consider that it was again the army who would judge. The court, in overturning the judgement, believed in the legal autonomy of the military court without taking into account the laws of esprit de corps. [195] Fear of boycott [ edit ] This design is specifically aimed at pre-targeting sub-population differences rather than applying a treatment to a group as a whole and then analysing the sub-population
Great Deal 
New Comment