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Many initiatives have been developed by the State of Cameroon with the support in some cases of development partners for the integrated management of coastal zones. A distinction is made between initiatives with a national scope and those with a local scope. The GEM-CG project involves several countries in the Gulf of Guinea, including Cameroon. The first phase of the project focused on the assessment, monitoring, improvement and management of the marine and coastal environment. The second phase of the project focused on combating the decline in fisheries resources and the degradation of coastal areas in the Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem through regional ecosystem actions. This project resulted in the production in 2011 of the report on the implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) for the Kribi-Campo region in Cameroon. This report provides an overview of the situation and presents an action plan for the implementation of ICZM in this part of Cameroon. According to the report, the Kribi-Campo area is characterised by endemic coastal erosion, which degrades the coast, beaches and infrastructure. This phenomenon is generally accelerated by human activities such as beach sand mining, and by global warming which results in rapid sea level rise. The document ends with the proposal of an Integrated Management Plan for the Kribi-Campo Region of Cameroon based on seven (7) components, namely 1) fisheries resources management; 2) coastal development and land use planning; 3) pollution control and waste management; 4) tourism management; 5) natural risk management in the Kribi - Campo area; 6) governance and capacity building and 7) Mangrove, Forest and Wildlife management in the Kribi Campo coastal area. The objective of the management plan is to effectively manage, through a global and concerted vision, the resources of the coastal and marine zone.

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was adopted in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and ratified by Cameroon on 19 October 1994. The convention also refers to coastal areas as a sensitive ecosystem. In its preamble, the importance of the sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases constituted by terrestrial and marine ecosystems is noted, as well as the adverse effects of a possible rise in sea level on islands and coastal areas. The convention encourages the rational management and conservation of carbon sinks and reservoirs, particularly the oceans and coastal and marine ecosystems, through the preparation and design of appropriate and integrated plans for the management of coastal zones ( Nyogok, 2008). Ghjghj has a lot of nervous energy that is always seeking an outlet. They value their freedom and see life as an ongoing adventure. With an upbeat and optimistic outlook, Ghjghj brings a positive energy to those around them. Personality Traits of the Name Ghjghj The heart's desire number, or soul number, is yet another aspect of numerology. For the name Ghjhgj, the heart's desire number is 0 By using freedom properly, they can explore and develop all of their varied talents. Ghjhgj will encounter various types of people and travel great distances. Come and join the journey of discovering yourself with freedom at the center of it all. The Inner Potentials of Ghjhgj Given the concentration of both biophysical and socio-economic issues that characterise Cameroon’s coastal zones, adaptation is necessary if the population need to continuously live in this environment. The implementation of an integrated coastal zone management policy to inform risk, ensure prevention, protection and repair is a vital component of adaptation. This paper aims to question the risk management policies related to coastline recession by public authorities in Cameroon and in Kribi in particular. More specifically, the aim is to determine the political and legal framework of coastal risk management in Cameroon, to identify the actors and their roles, to determine the actions that are envisaged and implemented as well as their impacts on the evolution of risks linked to the retreat of the coastline in Kribi.Several actors are involved in coastal zone management in Cameroon. These can be classified into two broad categories as presented in Figure 2: government or state actors and non-state actors. Looking for a new meaning for the letters in Ghjghj? Generate Fancy Text Styles for the Name Ghjghj Sayer, J. A., Harcourt, C. S., & Collins, N. M. (1992). The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forest: Africa. IUCN, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 288 p.

Ministry of Environment and Nature Protection and Sustainable Development of Cameroon (2018). National Strategy for the Sustainable Management of Mangroves and Other Coastal Ecosystems. Ghjghj is a free spirit, always seeking change, adventure, and excitement. The nucleus around which their life revolves is freedom, just like a bird needs its wings to survive, they need freedom for their very survival.

Glossary

The National Climate Change Adaptation Plan (NCCAP) was developed by Cameroon in 2015. This plan guides the necessary actions to ensure the country’s adaptation to the effects of climate change in accordance with the requirements of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which Cameroon has ratified. This document reveals that the coastal Agro-Ecological Zones (AEZ) with monomodal rainfall are among the most vulnerable zones to the effects of climate change. The main exposure factors identified are sea level rise, extreme weather events and flooding. The PNACC proposes an adaptation policy based on 4 strategic axes that integrate multiple projects (15), one of which is “Protection of the coastline against the effects of climate change”. Achievements under this plan have been slow to materialise, although its implementation period was planned between 2016 and 2020. The Ministry of Urban Planning and Housing (MINDUH) is responsible for the development and implementation of the national urbanisation policy. The attractiveness of coastal cities requires the implementation of urban planning that reconciles the anthropic occupation of space and the protection of the coast. Noblet, M. (2015). Adaptation to Climate Change in Coastal Areas in Canada and Senegal, a North-South Comparison. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Amiens. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Scientific Basis—Summary for Policymakers. The town of Kribi, which constitutes our study area, is located in the southern part of the Cameroonian coastline. The particular interest given to this zone is explained by the fact that the Kribi coast is undoubtedly the one in Cameroon that has the most future, whether in terms of tourism or industrial development ( Kuété& Assongmo, 2008). This coastline has been heavily used in recent years by development activities, particularly structuring infrastructures (Kribi deep-water port) which interfere with the hydro-sedimentary dynamics of the coastal system and reinforce beach erosion. Thus, the current relatively degraded environmental state of this coastline presages major difficulties in adapting in the event of a rise in sea level, if no measures are taken to protect it from this inevitable phenomenon.

The Ministry of the Economy, Planning and Territorial Development (MINEPAT) is responsible for the elaboration and coordination of planning and development projects at the local and national level in the medium and long term. It has under its supervision specialised public institutions such as the “Mission d’Étude et d’Aménagement de l’Océan” (MEAO) based in Kribi.

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The coastal zone is an attractive, densely populated area that is particularly sensitive to the effects of climate change ( Noblet, 2015). Although there are widely varying figures on the distribution of the world’s population near the coasts, the global trend is towards a concentration of populations on the coasts ( Meur-Ferec, 2006). This permanent anthropic pressure towards the coasts is manifested by the urbanisation of the shores and the settlement of populations in areas often associated with high disaster risks ( Tricot, 2012). Human developments that generate significant impacts on coastal natural systems represent an element of exacerbation of the instability of this fragile environment reinforcing vulnerability to hazards by influencing the dynamics of the coastal system ( Weissenberger & Chouinard, 2015). Thus, the coast is a very particular territory in terms of risks. The multiplicity of natural phenomena to which it is subjected, the diversity and number of activities and human facilities that develop there give it a specific level and nature of vulnerability ( Meur-Ferec, 2006). This intrinsic vulnerability of coastal areas is exacerbated by climate change, which is reflected in particular in the rise in sea level, the impacts of which threaten the well-being of the populations living there. The IPCC (2014) estimates that low-lying coastal areas are at risk of death, injury, disease, disruption of livelihoods, deterioration of infrastructure networks and essential services due to storm surges, coastal flooding, and sea level rise. Furthermore, a strong causal link between mortality and water height during rapid flooding such as marine submersion has been demonstrated ( Vinet et al., 2011). Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) (2018). Final Evaluation of the Project Sustainable Community Management and Conservation of Mangrove Ecosystems in Cameroon. and legal framework for the implementation of these initiatives. It is therefore necessary to develop an