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The detection rate of RVA was 26.4% (132/500) while, Campylobacter was detected in 52% (260/500) of samples with C. jejuni accounted for 48.2% (241/500) of all study cases. Co-infection of C. jejuni with RVA was identified in 21.8% of all cases. Children with RVA and C. jejuni co-infection showed a higher probability ( p = 0.01) to be dehydrated. A significant association ( p = 0.02) was found between C. jejuni positive status and fever in children. The median age of children with both RVA and C. jejuni infection was 6–11 months. The RVA detection rate was high in winter months of the year while, C. jejuni infections were documented high in summer over 1 year study period. Conclusions Armonk N, IBM Corp. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0: IBM Corp; 2012. Available from: http://www.sciepub.com/reference/116002. [cited 2018 Sep 24]. The probability of diarrheal morbidity and mortality is higher among people with lower socioeconomic status and in circumstances of poor personal and substandard domestic hygiene conditions. Siddiqui FM, Akram M, Noureen N, Noreen Z, Bokhari H. Antibiotic susceptibility profiling and virulence potential of Campylobacter jejuni isolates from different sources in Pakistan. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2015;8(3):197–202 Available from: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S199576451460314X. [cited 2018 Sep 23]. Chowdhury F, Khan AI, Faruque ASG, Ryan ET. Severe, acute watery diarrhoea in an adult. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4: e898.

If you do see a doctor, they may suggest that a sample of your stool (faeces) be tested. This will be sent to the laboratory to look for any microbes that may be causing your symptoms. Sometimes blood tests or other tests may be needed if you have more severe symptoms or develop any complications. When should I seek medical advice for traveller's diarrhoea? Babies under the age of 1 year who were a low birth weight and who have not caught up with their weight. When travelling to areas with poor sanitation, you should avoid food or drinking water that may contain germs (microbes) or their poisons (toxins). Avoid: Guerrant Rl, Kosek M, Lima AA, Lorentz B, Guyatt HL. Updating the DALYs for diarrhoeal disease. Trends Parasitol: 2002; 18: 281. Shimizu, H.; Phan, T.G.; Nishimura, S.; Okitsu, S.; Maneekarn, N.; Ushijima, H. An outbreak of adenovirus serotype 41 infection in infants and children with acute gastroenteritis in Maizuru City, Japan. Infect. Genet. Evol. 2007, 7, 279–284. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]

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The seasonal pattern of Campylobacter infection varies from country to country as well as within a country. In developing countries, Campylobacter enteritis has no seasonal fluctuation while in developed countries its epidemic peaks are in summer and winter [ 49, 50]. In present study Campylobacter was detected throughout the year with prominent peaks from June to September which is consistent with previous studies from Pakistan and Malawi [ 13, 36, 51, 52].

Total 500 stool samples were collected between January 2014 to December 2014 in stool collection vials from patients experienced more than 3 watery loose stools in the last 24 h, with illness duration less than 2 weeks. The children were enrolled between 9:00 AM to 2:00 PM from Friday to Saturday in year 2014. Faecal sample were collected from children with acute gastroenteritis in a 30 ml polystyrene faecal container with spoon (Dynarex) and were stored initially in Microbiology and Public health laboratory COMSATS, Islamabad at − 80 °C until further analysis. Isolation and identification of Campylobacter jejuni Jones, S. A clinical pathway for pediatric gastroenteritis. Gastroenterol. Nurs. 2003, 26, 7–18. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] RCWG. Rotavirus Classification Working Group: RCWG – Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics 2018. Available from: https://rega.kuleuven.be/cev/viralmetagenomics/virus-classification/rcwg. [cited 2019 Jun 7] The adult dose of this is two capsules at first. This is followed by one capsule after each time you pass some diarrhoea up to a maximum of eight capsules in 24 hours. It works by slowing down your gut's activity.Rathaur, et al. Clinical study of acute childhood diarrhoea caused by bacterial enteropathogens. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(5):PC01–5. Gouvea V, Glass RI, Woods P, Taniguchi K, Clark HF, Forrester B, et al. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and typing of rotavirus nucleic acid from stool specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28(2):276–82. Ahmed HN, Zaidi AKM. An outbreak of cholera in Karachi following Monsoon rains 2003. Infect Dis J 2003; 12: 70-2.