Liquid Chlorine Pool Shock - Commercial Grade 12.5% Concentrated Strength - 1 Gallon

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If the pool has a UV Cell, the chlorine levels can be reduced to about the same level (0.8 - 1.0 ppm) as the water from your tap (0.5-0.8ppm) Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp.E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4. Common chemical theory at that time held that an acid is a compound that contains oxygen (remnants of this survive in the German and Dutch names of oxygen: sauerstoff or zuurstof, both translating into English as acid substance), so a number of chemists, including Claude Berthollet, suggested that Scheele's dephlogisticated muriatic acid air must be a combination of oxygen and the yet undiscovered element, muriaticum. [15] [16] Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is made up of the sodium salts of hypochlorous acid and is a chlorine-containing compound that can be used as a disinfectant. It is produced when chlorine gas is dissolved into a sodium hydroxide solution. It is in liquid form, clear with a light yellow color, and has a strong chlorine smell. Sodium hypochlorite is extremely corrosive and must be stored in a cool, dark, and dry place. Sodium hypochlorite will naturally decompose; therefore it cannot be stored for more than one month at a time. Of all the different types of chlorine available for use, this is the easiest to handle. During the Paris cholera outbreak of 1832, large quantities of so-called chloride of lime were used to disinfect the capital. This was not simply modern calcium chloride, but chlorine gas dissolved in lime-water (dilute calcium hydroxide) to form calcium hypochlorite (chlorinated lime). Labarraque's discovery helped to remove the terrible stench of decay from hospitals and dissecting rooms, and by doing so, effectively deodorised the Latin Quarter of Paris. [77] These "putrid miasmas" were thought by many to cause the spread of "contagion" and "infection" – both words used before the germ theory of infection. Chloride of lime was used for destroying odors and "putrid matter". One source claims chloride of lime was used by Dr. John Snow to disinfect water from the cholera-contaminated well that was feeding the Broad Street pump in 1854 London, [78] though three other reputable sources that describe that famous cholera epidemic do not mention the incident. [79] [80] [81] One reference makes it clear that chloride of lime was used to disinfect the offal and filth in the streets surrounding the Broad Street pump – a common practice in mid-nineteenth century England. [79] :296 Semmelweis and experiments with antisepsis Ignaz Semmelweis

Although dichlorine is a strong oxidising agent with a high first ionisation energy, it may be oxidised under extreme conditions to form the [Cl 2] + cation. This is very unstable and has only been characterised by its electronic band spectrum when produced in a low-pressure discharge tube. The yellow [Cl 3] + cation is more stable and may be produced as follows: [46] Cl 2 + ClF + AsF 5 −78 °C ⟶ [Cl 3] +[AsF 6] − Unless your pool’s chlorine level is below 1 ppm or above 5 ppm, it’s fine to go swimming while the tablets dissolve. They’re designed for routine, continuous use.

A number of different by-products can be produced from the reactions in the disinfection process. By-products created from the reactions between inorganic compounds and chlorine are harmless and can be easily removed from the water by filtration. Other by-products, such as chloramines, are beneficial to the disinfection process because they also have disinfecting properties. However, there are undesired compounds that may be produced from chlorine reacting with organic matter. The compounds of most concern right now are trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). THMs and HAAs are formed by reactions between chlorine and organic material such as humic acids and fulvic acids (both generated from the decay of organic matter) to create halogenated organics. A greater level of THM formation has been found in surface water or groundwater influenced by surface water. I’m not a professional pool cleaner and don’t have any formal training, I’m just an average guy who loves hanging out by his pool and hot tub and taking care of it. After many years on the job, I’ve become quite good at it. Davy, Humphry (1811). "The Bakerian Lecture. On some of the combinations of oxymuriatic gas and oxygene, and on the chemical relations of these principles, to inflammable bodies". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 101: 1–35. Bibcode: 1811RSPT..101....1D. doi: 10.1098/rstl.1811.0001. Davy named chlorine on p. 32: "After consulting some of the most eminent chemical philosophers in this country, it has been judged most proper to suggest a name founded upon one of its obvious and characteristic properties – its colour, and to call it Chlorine, or Chloric gas.* *From χλωρος." The product, chloryl fluoride, is one of the five known chlorine oxide fluorides. These range from the thermally unstable FClO to the chemically unreactive perchloryl fluoride (FClO 3), the other three being FClO 2, F 3ClO, and F 3ClO 2. All five behave similarly to the chlorine fluorides, both structurally and chemically, and may act as Lewis acids or bases by gaining or losing fluoride ions respectively or as very strong oxidising and fluorinating agents. [52] Chlorine oxides Yellow chlorine dioxide (ClO 2) gas above a solution containing chlorine dioxide. [ clarification needed] Structure of dichlorine heptoxide, Cl 2O 7, the most stable of the chlorine oxides The type of chloramines that are formed is dependent on the pH of the water prior to the addition of chlorine. Between the pH levels 4.5 and 8.5, both monochloramine and dichloramine are created in the water. At a pH of 4.5, dichloramine is the dominant form, and below that trichloramine dominates. At a pH above 8.5 monochloramine is the dominant form. Hypochlorous acid reacts with ammonia at its most rapid rate at a pH level around 8.3.

The right amount to add varies by product. In general, you’ll need to add about 4 pounds (1.8 kg) of cyuranic acid per 10,000 gallons (38,000 L) of water to reach a level of 10 ppm. It’s recommended to maintain a cyuranic acid level around 50 ppm. The most stable chlorine radioisotope is 36Cl. The primary decay mode of isotopes lighter than 35Cl is electron capture to isotopes of sulfur; that of isotopes heavier than 37Cl is beta decay to isotopes of argon; and 36Cl may decay by either mode to stable 36S or 36Ar. [38] 36Cl occurs in trace quantities in nature as a cosmogenic nuclide in a ratio of about (7–10)×10 −13 to 1 with stable chlorine isotopes: it is produced in the atmosphere by spallation of 36 Ar by interactions with cosmic ray protons. In the top meter of the lithosphere, 36Cl is generated primarily by thermal neutron activation of 35Cl and spallation of 39 K and 40 Ca. In the subsurface environment, muon capture by 40 Ca becomes more important as a way to generate 36Cl. [39] [40] Chemistry and compounds Halogen bond energies (kJ/mol) [36] X Given that E°( 1 / 2O 2/H 2O) = +1.229V, which is less than +1.395V, it would be expected that chlorine should be able to oxidise water to oxygen and hydrochloric acid. However, the kinetics of this reaction are unfavorable, and there is also a bubble overpotential effect to consider, so that electrolysis of aqueous chloride solutions evolves chlorine gas and not oxygen gas, a fact that is very useful for the industrial production of chlorine. [41] Hydrogen chloride Structure of solid deuterium chloride, with D···Cl hydrogen bondsThe three fluorides of chlorine form a subset of the interhalogen compounds, all of which are diamagnetic. [47] Some cationic and anionic derivatives are known, such as ClF − Many organochlorine compounds have been isolated from natural sources ranging from bacteria to humans. [57] [58] Chlorinated organic compounds are found in nearly every class of biomolecules including alkaloids, terpenes, amino acids, flavonoids, steroids, and fatty acids. [57] [59] Organochlorides, including dioxins, are produced in the high temperature environment of forest fires, and dioxins have been found in the preserved ashes of lightning-ignited fires that predate synthetic dioxins. [60] In addition, a variety of simple chlorinated hydrocarbons including dichloromethane, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride have been isolated from marine algae. [61] A majority of the chloromethane in the environment is produced naturally by biological decomposition, forest fires, and volcanoes. [62]