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Veil ban: Why Syria joins Europe in barring the niqab". The Christian Science Monitor. 20 July 2010. a b Dziadosz, Alexander; Heneghan, Tom (September 2014). "Pro-government Syrian activist arrested after rare public dissent". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 23 September 2014. Syria, Yemen and Libya among 'lowest in the world' for corruption perceptions". The New Arab. 31 January 2023. Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Michalik, Susanne (2015). "Measuring Authoritarian Regimes with Multiparty Elections". In Michalik, Susanne (ed.). Multiparty Elections in Authoritarian Regimes. pp.33–45. doi: 10.1007/978-3-658-09511-6_3. ISBN 978-3658095116. {{ cite book}}: |work= ignored ( help) Jalabi, Raya (2023). "Syria's state capture: the rising influence of Mrs Assad". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023.
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a b J. Koulouriotis, Eva (22 May 2022). "Assad: Master of ethnic cleansing in the 21st century". Syria Wise. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – Syria". United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 8 April 2011. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Since 2011, Bashar al-Assad has lost recognition from several international organizations such as the Arab League (in 2011), [349] Union for the Mediterranean (in 2011) [350] and Organization of Islamic Co-operation (in 2012). [351] [352] United States, European Union, Turkey, Arab League and various countries began enforcing broad sets of sanctions against Syrian regime from 2011, with the objective of forcing Assad to resign and assist in a political solution to the crisis. [353] International bodies have criticized one-sided elections organized by Assad government during the conflict. In the 2014 London conference of countries of the Friends of Syria group, British Foreign Secretary William Hague characterized Syrian elections as a "parody of democracy" and denounced the regime's "utter disregard for human life" for perpetrating war-crimes and state-terror on the Syrian population. [354] Assad's policy of holding elections under the circumstances of an ongoing civil war were also rebuked by the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. [355] Anti-Assad demonstrations in Berlin, 18 March 2023Throughout the speech, al-Assad remained faithful to the basic ideological line of Syrian Baathism: the binary opposition of a devilishly determined, conspiring ‘outside’ bent on hurting a heroically defending and essentially good ‘inside’... consistent with Baathist dualism, [the speech] makes the sparing, if not grudging, mention of supposedly minor dissent in this ‘inside’. This dissent loses its political meaning, or moral justification, acquiring ‘othering’ essence when the president places it in the dismissive context of the ‘ fitna’... Following this hard-line speech, the protesters’ demands moved from reforming to overthrowing the regime. UN Harīrī probe implicates Syria". BBC News. 21 October 2005. Archived from the original on 7 November 2005. Faulconbridge, Davis, Guy, Caleb (16 March 2023). "Syria's Assad would like more Russian bases and troops". Reuters. Archived from the original on 16 March 2023. {{ cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) Further information: Foreign Policy of Bashar al-Assad Before civil war: 2000–2011 Then Defence Minister Mustafa Tlass alongside Bashar al-Assad, 1 August 2000. Tlass and his son Manaf Tlass later defected after the Syrian revolution Assad in 2004
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Dagher, Sam (2019). "15: Don't Stay with the Butcher". Assad Or We Burn the Country: How One Family's Lust for Power Destroyed Syria. Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-55670-5. OPCW Releases Third Report by Investigation and Identification Team". 27 January 2023. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023. Larson, Nina (8 February 2016). "UN probe accuses Syria govt of 'exterminating' detainees". Yahoo News. Agence France-Presse . Retrieved 11 February 2016. Jennifer Preston (9 February 2011). "Syria Restores Access to Facebook and YouTube". The New York Times.
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Syria recognizes independence, sovereignty of Donetsk, Luhansk -state news agency". Reuters. 29 July 2022. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. In the 2021 presidential elections held on 26 May, Assad secured his fourth 7-year tenure; by winning 95.2% of the eligible votes. The elections were boycotted by the opposition and SDF; while the refugees and internally displaced citizens were disqualified to vote; enabling only 38% of Syrians to participate in the process. Independent international observers as well as representatives of Western countries described the elections as a farce. United Nations condemned the elections for directly violating Resolution 2254; and announced that it has "no mandate". [171] [172] [173] [174] [175] In 2015, Russia intervened in the Syrian civil war in support of Assad, and on 21 October 2015, Assad flew to Moscow and met with Russian president Vladimir Putin, who said regarding the civil war: "this decision can be made only by the Syrian people. Syria is a friendly country. And we are ready to support it not only militarily but politically as well." [433] Personal life Bashar al-Assad and his wife Asma al-Assad The regime has attempted to portray itself to the outside world as "the protector of minorities" and instills the fear of the majority rule in the society to mobilize loyalists from minorities. [220] Assad loyalist figures like Michel Samaha have advocated sectarian mobilization to defend the regime from what he labelled as the “sea of Sunnis.” Assad regime has unleashed sectarian violence through private Alawite militias like the Shabiha, particularly in Sunni areas. Alawite religious iconography and communal sentiments are common themes used by Alawite warrior-shaykhs who lead the Alawite militias; as justification to commit massacres, abductions and torture in opposition strongholds. [221] Various development policies adopted by the regime had followed a sectarian pattern. An urbanization scheme implemented by the government in the city of Homs led to expulsions of thousands of Sunni residents during the 2000s, while Alawite majority areas were left intact. [222]
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Chulov, Martin (13 April 2014). "The one certainty about Syria's looming election – Assad will win". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017.The secular resistance to Assad rule is mainly represented by the Syrian National Council and National Coalition of Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces, two political bodies that constitute a coalition of centre-left and right-wing conservative factions of the Syrian opposition. Military commanders and civilian leaders of Free Syrian Army militias are represented in these councils. The coalition represents the political wing of the Syrian Interim Government and seeks the democratic transition of Syria through grass-roots activism, protests and armed resistance to overthrow the Ba'athist dictatorship. [310] [311] [312] A less influential faction within the Syrian opposition is the National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change (NCC), a coalition of left-wing socialist parties that seek to end the rule of Assad family but without foreign involvement. Established in June 2011, major parties in the NCC coalition are the Democratic Arab Socialist Union, Syrian Democratic People's Party and the Communist Labour Party. [313] Yacoubian, Mona (1 January 2021). "Syria Timeline: Since the Uprising Against Assad". United States Institute of Peace. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Foreign Affairs journal released an editorial on the Syrian situation in the wake of the 2011 protests: [234]
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