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Ebenezer Cobham Brewer (1903). The Historic Note-book: With an Appendix of Battles. J.B. Lippincott Company. Benedict, Philip (1994). The Huguenot Population of France, 1600-1685: The Demographic Fate and Customs of a Religious Minority. Independence Square, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. Under Spanish promises of his own independent kingdom (rather than being a vassal king), Antoine of Navarre secretly sided with the Duke of Guise and his Catholic allies (often referred to as the Triumvirate). Antoine began taking lessons on Catholicism and quarreled with his wife about his desire to take their son to Catholic Mass or to attend the Catholic baptism of the Spanish ambassador. [13]
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The Fête was the largest of Toulouse's general processions and the celebration of its 200th anniversary was (as historian Robert A. Schneider states) "one of the great moments in Toulouse's history, commemorating the two-hundredth anniversary of this glorious event. It was a lavish spectacle, attracting...thirty thousand tourists and pilgrims. And its popularity was enhanced by the renewal of a papal bull originally issued in 1564 granting faithful indulgences for attending prayers at either the cathedral or the Basilica Saint-Sernin." [32] Find sources: "2005 French riots"– news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( October 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) As outside events added fuel to the flames of sectarian hatred, tensions continued to simmer in Toulouse between the Catholics and Reformed Church members. The capitouls tried to prevent violence by controlling the traffic of weapons into the city, but found it impossible. As historian Mark Greengrass writes, "Monasteries, priests, as well as scholars in the university, maintained caches of small arms and continued to do so, despite the truce. Judges kept garrisons within their private houses and some bourgeois 'monopolisseurs', such as the wealthy Pierre Delpuech, already involved in the arms trade, profited from the additional business that the alarm in the city brought them." [4] In addition the Catholic captains set over the militia by the terms of the truce began to openly defy the capitouls authority over them (as they viewed them as Protestant heretics). [4] [27]
Not only men but women openly expressed their faith, a contemporary account notes "They had laid aside their prayer-books and beads which they had worn at their girdles, their ample robes, and dissolute garments, dance, and worldly songs, as if they had been guided by the Holy Ghost". [23] Large numbers of students were also attracted to the Reformed Church in Toulouse including the student preacher Able Niort. [4] Other notable Reformed preachers in Toulouse were Bignolles (ambitious but with a difficult personality) and Jean Barrelles who had been trained in Geneva, censured by the Sorbonne, and had served a prison sentence in Toulouse. [4] This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sourcesin this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Soon after, Parlement began inquires on the events. [26] Those Protestants that constables had managed to bring to prisons alive were summarily judged by the Parlement and found guilty of capital offenses [1] save for a handful of cases. [26] Investigations soon expanded to seek out those who might have secretly supported the coup and those who might be secret heretics. [23] Between two [26] and three hundred [23] were publicly executed for heresy and the town's provost Captain Saux (a leading Reformed Church member whom had survived the riots) was quartered. [4] [23] [26] Another four hundred were executed for contumacy. [23] Around two hundred were burnt in effigy. [4] In the end nearly a thousand people were investigated by the Parlement. [4] University of Paris strike, riots at the University of Paris that resulted in a number of student deaths and reforms of the medieval university.
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The history and political structure of Toulouse played a significant part in the tensions that led to the riots in 1562. The 1562 Riots of Toulouse are a series of events (occurring largely in the span of a week) that pitted members of the Reformed Church of France (often called Huguenots) against members of the Roman Catholic Church in violent clashes that ended with the deaths of between 3,000 and 5,000 citizens of the French city of Toulouse. These events exhibit the tensions that would soon explode into full civil war during the French Wars of Religion. When Catherine became regent, the Queen of Navarre was Jeanne d'Albret. Queen Jeanne had long expressed a desire for religious reform and in her lands Protestants were given full freedom and their books circulated unhindered. a b "Emeutes de 2005: cinq ans de prison pour l'agresseur de Le Chenadec". Le Parisien. 20 April 2015 . Retrieved 20 April 2015. Under the terms of the truce an investigation charged 106 people with incitement, six of which were condemned to death. [4] Ignoring the terms of the truce, the Catholic-dominated Parlement interfered, pardoning all the condemned Catholics, so the only people executed for the riot were four Reformed members hung on April 11 at the four corners of the Place Saint-Georges. [4] The body of the woman over which the riot had begun, had been buried in a Catholic cemetery by priests who helped seize it. [11]
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An opposing center of authority in the city was the Parlement of Toulouse. The French Parlements had been established first in Paris (in 1307) and later in regional capitals by the French monarchy. (These French parlements acted as provincial appellate courts ruling on questions of law and should not be confused with legislative bodies that create laws called parliaments.) On 8 November, President Jacques Chirac declared a state of emergency, [13] [14] effective at midnight. Despite the new regulations, riots continued, though on a reduced scale, the following two nights, and again worsened the third night. On 9 November and the morning of 10 November a school was burned in Belfort, and there was violence in Toulouse, Lille, Strasbourg, Marseille, and Lyon. a b "The Calas Tragedy". The Westminster review (American edition), Volumes 70–71. New York: Leoncard Scott & Co. July–October 1858. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Bersier, Eugène (1884). Coligny: the earlier life of the great Huguenot. Translated by Annie Holmden. London: Hodder and Stoughton. All contemporary sources hold that more were slain outside the walls than in the streets of Toulouse. [4] It is estimated that around 3,000 to 5,000 people had died in the combined rioting and massacre, with the vast majority being Protestants. [1] [2] [23] [26] Trials [ edit ]
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According to city records, the Parlement of Toulouse made the city 22,236 livres tournois from sales of property confiscated from those it found guilty of heresy or contumacy from 1562 to 1563. [22] Aftermath [ edit ]
On January 31, after the Estates had dispersed, the council met at Fontainebleau and reviewed petitions presented by Gaspard II de Coligny, "in which Protestants demanded temples." [16] These requests were referred to a commission of the estates which had remained behind to prepare for the assembly's scheduled May 1 meeting on finance. [16] On Friday, May 15, frustrated by the standoff, the Catholic leadership attempted to both dislodge the Reformed Church members, remove cover for any escape route, and end street fighting in that area by setting fire to all Protestant homes in the Saint-Georges quarter (where the Hôtel de Ville was located). [1] [2] The Parlement declared anyone attempting to extinguish the flames would be guilty of a capital offense, which resulted in some Catholic homes burning as well. [1] In the end, more than 200 homes were burnt to the ground. [2] a b c d e f g h Greengrass, Mark. "Sectarian Incidents: a protestant funeral, April 1562". Archived from the original on 2012-12-24 . Retrieved 2012-05-15. When a member of his listening audience thought a Dominican preaching at the Basilica of St. Sernin was speaking heresy, he yelled "You lie, you sneaking monk!", and then murdered the preacher. [2] At the meeting of General Estates on August 26 the third estate continued to deride the cost the upkeep of the Catholic clergy was having on the merchants and bourgeoisie. Their representative Jacques de Bretagne, magistrate of Autun demanded ecclesiastical property face alienation. They held that of the 120 million livres the clergy were taking out of the economy if 48 million were set aside the clergy could live off the 4 million in interest per year that such a move would still provide, leaving 72 million for France to use to clear up its debts and stimulate the economy. [17] The representative of the nobility took similar grounds and even demanded for the Protestants the right to assembly (totally dismissing the Edict of July out of hand). [17] The Catholic clergy went absent from these debates, marking their opposition by meeting by themselves at St. Germain. [17] L'Hospital met them there still seeking liberty for the Protestants, telling the Catholic clergy "As to the Protestant assemblies, they cannot be separated from their religion; for they believe that the Word of God strictly enjoins them to assemble themselves to hear the preaching of the Gospel and to partake of the sacraments, and this they hold as an article of their faith." [17]
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a b c Motta, Alessio. "Police blunders and riots". cairn-int.info. CAIRN INFO . Retrieved 12 April 2019. Both Francis, Duke of Guise and Anne de Montmorency were worried that the Royalty were converting to Protestantism. They were also faced with demands from the provincial states of the Isle of France that lavish sums which had been given to them by Henry II (who had died in 1559) be returned to help offset national debt. Drawn together by these mutual concerns they ended their traditional bitter rivalry, and on Easter, April 6, 1561, attended Catholic Mass together. Together they formed an alliance with leading military commander Jacques Dalbon, Seigneur de Saint Andre. Protestants would later give this partnership the name Triumvirate (likening their violent actions to those of the triumvirs Mark Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus in Ancient Rome). [18]Riots of Toulouse, a series of events that pitted members of the Reformed Church of France (often called Huguenots) against members of the Roman Catholic Church in violent clashes that ended with the deaths of between 3,000–5,000 citizens of the French city of Toulouse.
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