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However, climate change represents the single largest threat to many species of pinnipeds, especially those that rely on sea ice. Various species of Arctic seals rely on ice for breeding, for instance, while walruses use seasonal ice formations to forage for food farther from shore. ( Read how climate change is changing what leopard seals eat.) Pinnipeds can be found in facilities around the world, as their large size and playfulness make them popular attractions. [164] Seals have been kept in captivity since at least Ancient Rome and their trainability was noticed by Pliny the Elder. [d] Zoologist Georges Cuvier noted during the 19th century that wild seals show considerable fondness for humans and stated that they are second only to some monkeys among wild animals in their easy tamability. Francis Galton noted in his landmark paper on domestication that seals were a spectacular example of an animal that would most likely never be domesticated despite their friendliness and desire for comfort due to the fact that they serve no practical use for humans. [165] Captive sea lion at Kobe Oji Zoo Kobe, Japan Karleskin, G.; Turner, R. L.; Small, J. W. (2009). Introduction to Marine Biology. Cengage Learning. p.328. ISBN 978-0-495-56197-2. The Caribbean monk seal has been killed and exploited by Europeans settlers and their descendants since 1494, starting with Christopher Columbus himself. The seals were easy targets for organized sealers, fishermen, turtle hunters and buccaneers because they evolved with little pressure from terrestrial predators and were thus " genetically tame". In the Bahamas, as many as 100 seals were slaughtered in one night. In the mid-nineteenth century, the species was thought to have gone extinct until a small colony was found near the Yucatán Peninsula in 1886. Seal killings continued, and the last reliable report of the animal alive was in 1952. The IUCN declared it extinct in 1996. [176] The Japanese sea lion was common around the Japanese islands, but overexploitation and competition from fisheries drastically decreased the population in the 1930s. The last recorded individual was a juvenile in 1974. [177] Conservation issues [ edit ]
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a b Steward, B. S.; Huber, H. R. (1993). "Mirounga angustirostris" (PDF). Mammalian Species (449): 1–10. doi: 10.2307/3504174. JSTOR 3504174. S2CID 254007992. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 March 2014. Phocidae (19 species). The ‘ true seal’ family. Members of this family are also known as ‘ earless seals’ because their ears are not visible externally. Elias, J. S. (2007). Science Terms Made Easy: A Lexicon of Scientific Words and Their Root Language Origins. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.157. ISBN 978-0-313-33896-0. Forcada, Jaume; Trathan, P. N.; Reid, K.; Murphy, E. J. (2005). "The Effects of Global Climate Variability in Pup Production of Antarctic Fur Seals". Ecology. 86 (9): 2408–2417. doi: 10.1890/04-1153. ISSN 0012-9658. JSTOR 3451030.
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All seals eat other animals, and most rely on fish caught out at sea. But a few species break the mold. Reiter, J.; Panken, K. J.; Le Boeuf, B. J. (1981). "Female competition and reproductive success in northern elephant seals". Animal Behaviour. 29 (3): 670–687. doi: 10.1016/S0003-3472(81)80002-4. S2CID 53144427. Boness, D. J.; Anderson, S. S.; Cox, C. R. (1982). "Functions of female aggression during the pupping and mating season of grey seals, Halichoerus grypus (Fabricius)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 60 (10): 2270–2278. doi: 10.1139/z82-293. Campagna, C.; Le Boeuf, B. J.; Cappozzo, J. H. (1988). "Pup abduction and infanticide in southern sea lions". Behaviour. 107 (1–2): 44–60. doi: 10.1163/156853988X00188. JSTOR 4534718.
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Centuries of human exploitation and habitat destruction have caused the remaining populations of Mediterranean monk seals ( Monachus monachus) and Hawaiian monk seals ( Monachus schauinslandi) to drop to perilously low numbers, while the Caribbean monk seal ( Monachus tropicalis) has become extinct. (MOm/ A.A. Karamanlidis) Siniff, D. B.; Bengtson, J. L. (1977). "Observations and hypotheses concerning the interactions among crabeater seals, leopard seals, and killer whales". Journal of Mammalogy. 58 (3): 414–416. doi: 10.2307/1379341. JSTOR 1379341.
When swimming, otariids rely on their fore-flippers for locomotion in a wing-like manner similar to penguins and sea turtles. [43] Fore-flipper movement is not continuous, and the animal glides between each stroke. [42] Compared to terrestrial carnivorans, the fore-limbs of otariids are reduced in length, which gives the locomotor muscles at the shoulder and elbow joints greater mechanical advantage; [41] the hind-flippers serve as stabilizers. [35] Phocids and walruses swim by moving their hind-flippers and lower body from side to side, [43] while their fore-flippers are mainly used for steering. [41] Some species leap out of the water, which may allow them to travel faster. In addition, sea lions are known to "ride" waves, which probably helps them decrease their energy usage. [35] Cziko, Paul A.; Munger, Lisa M.; Santos, Nicholas R.; Terhune, John M. (1 December 2020). "Weddell seals produce ultrasonic vocalizations". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 148 (6): 3784–3796. Bibcode: 2020ASAJ..148.3784C. doi: 10.1121/10.0002867. ISSN 0001-4966. PMID 33379885. The main predator of the ringed seal is the polar bear. The species is also hunted by killer whales, Greenland sharks and even walruses. Pinnipeds have well-developed tactile senses. Their mystacial vibrissae have ten times the innervation of terrestrial mammals, allowing them to effectively detect vibrations in the water. [58] These vibrations are generated, for example, when a fish swims through water. Detecting vibrations is useful when the animals are foraging and may add to or even replace vision, particularly in darkness. [59] Harbor seals have been observed following varying paths of another seal that swam ahead several minutes before, similar to a dog following a scent trail, [60] [61] and even to discriminate the species and the size of the fish responsible for the trail. [62] Blind ringed seals have even been observed successfully hunting on their own in Lake Saimaa, likely relying on their vibrissae to gain sensory information and catch prey. [63] Richardson, W. J.; Greene Jr, C. R.; Malme, C. I.; Thomson, D. H. (1995). Marine Mammals and Noise. New York, NY: Academic.
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